William Jefferson Blythe Lll Was Born On August 19, 1946

William Jefferson Blythe lll was born on August 19, 1946 in Hope, Arkansas. His parents were Cassidy Blythe and William Jefferson Blythe Jr. His dad died in a car crash three months prior to his birth. He was their only child. His mother re-married Roger Clinton Sr. and they moved to Hot Springs, Arkansas. William Blythe later became William Clinton after being adopted by his step- father. His step-sibling was Roger Clinton Jr born in 1956. His mother had told him from a young age that he was born to be President. In 1963, he went to Washington D.C as part of the American Legion Boys’ Nation program and shook hands with JFK. He later said this was part of his inspiration to work in public service. The principal and staff of his High†¦show more content†¦Clinton had a way of explaining things in a way that made people believe him. The Republican candidate was George H.W Bush. Wealthy billionaire Ross Perot also ran as an independent. People were having trouble getting behind the reelection of Bush due to tax raises and the fact that Bush did not act on the current recession going through the country. Perot took votes from both candidates with his pledge of patriotism and budget balance but due to his leaving and re-entering the election, people had trust problems. Clinton’s campaign was mainly focused on economic issues and the Reagan-Bush deficit. He emphasized the economic struggles the younger generations would be stuck with. A slogan posted outside Clinton headquarters read, â€Å"It’s the economy, stupid.† Clinton received twice as many electoral votes as Bush and a 43% popular vote. Perot got a popular vote of 19%. During the campaign of his second term, Clinton faced the bleak reality that he might not win. Many of his promises fell through and Republicans were head of both houses of Congress. The Republican candidate was Robert Dole. Ross Perot tried again for the presidency but did not receive as much attention as the previous election. Clinton became the candidate of ‘’family values’’ which got him the suburban votes. The press tried to make stories but even though it embarrassed the Democratic party, it did not change the public mind about Dole. Clinton won with more than twice as man y

A Case Study of Kfcs Cross-Cultural Marketing in China

A Case Study of KFC’s Cross-cultural Marketing in China Summary: In 2007, KFC had opened 2000 outlet stores in china, leaving rival MacDonald’s far behind, achieving high praise from Chinese consumers and defeating challengers again and again. From the perspective of cross-culture, this paper tries to analyze the marketing strategy of the American fast food chain stores in china and give multinational food and beverage companies suggestions. Key words: KFC, fast food, cross-cultural marketing 1. KFCs success stories and their status in China In 1987, KFC entered the ancient capital of Beijing, China, which has a long food culture and the worlds largest population. KFC opened the first restaurant in at Qianmen of the downtown†¦show more content†¦As the media has a great impact on the public, crisis public relations to a large extent focus on the media. In the Sudan Red event, KFC held press conferences several times, even the low profile Sam Su, president of China Yum Group, specially went to Beijing to have lunch in KFC restaurant. Taking measure like this in a country where it is characterized by power distance was just to assure the consumers, which played a significant role in restoring consumers confidence. b. Finding the source to make consumers learn the truth In this incident, KFC on one hand reviewed its own supply chain management, on the other hand assisted relevant department to trace the source, and finally succeeded in finding the Sudan Red source. Despite still being questioned to pass the buck, KFC made the truth public, consumer sentiment quieted a lot. In such a country where a masculine tendency is apparent, people are prone to get to know the fact. Knowing it was not KFCs own problems, people put more spearhead to KFC’s suppliers rather than KFC. c. Admitting its own mistakes, using the authority to testify itself KFC issued a circular to announce the investigation of Sudan Red

Evaluate the effectiveness of health and social care practitioners and agencies working together to deliver the care pathway for one of the chosen physiological disorders free essay sample

The two physiological disorders I will be talking about in this assignment is hypertension and Diabetes. Pulmonary hypertension Pulmonary hypertension is a lung disorder. The arteries that carry blood from the heart to the lungs become narrowed, making it very hard for the blood to get through the vessels, this then causes the pressure in the arteries to increase more than usual (high blood pressure). Scientists think that the procedure starts with injury to the layer of cells that line the small blood vessels of the lungs. This injury, which occurs for unknown reasons, may cause changes in the way these cells interact with the smooth muscle cells in the vessel wall. As a result, the smooth muscle contracts more than normal and narrows the vessel. The high pressure then puts more pressure on the right ventricle of the heart, causing it to get bigger. This then causes the right ventricle gradually becomes weaker and loses its ability to pump enough blood to the lungs stronger than usual. Pulmonary hypertension comes in people of all ages, races, and ethnic backgrounds although it is much more common in young adults and is twice as common in women as in men. It is known to be inherited in a small number of people. Usually if members of a family suffer from it, it can be carried down in generations and could prevent long-term damage from happening. Signs and Symptoms Symptoms of pulmonary hypertension do not usually happen until the condition has been going on for a long time. The first symptom of hypertension is usually shortness of breath within doing simple activities such as climbing the stairs. Feeling exhausted, dizzy, and faint can also be some of the symptoms. Some signs can be swelling in the ankles, abdomen and legs; bluish lips and skin, and chest pain may occur as strain on the heart increases. Everyone is different so some people may not get some of the symptoms but others might. Long-term the process gets worse and it may even stop you from doing the simplest day-to-day activities. Some symptoms may be heart palpitations, which can be stronger than usual, racing pulse, even when relaxed, passing out from dizziness and more shortness of breath in activities. It is known that pulmonary hypertension can be caused by some medical problems such as â€Å"chronic liver disease and liver cirrhosis; rheumatic disorders such as scleroderma or systemic lupus erythematous (lupus); and lung conditions including tumors, emphysema, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and pulmonary fibrosis. † Scientist believes that it can be caused by other problems such as Thromboembolic disease; this is a blood clot in a large pulmonary artery and other problems such as Low-oxygen conditions, lifestyles, obesity, and sleep apnea can also lead to pulmonary hypertension. Diagnosis It is stated that pulmonary hypertension can be caused by a lot of problems so it is essential to literally have a full medical history, a physical exam and a full description of signs and symptoms from yourself and other family members, it is important to include family members because they may see things you don’t so it is essential. During the physical exam, the general practitioner or doctor will listen to certain body parts such as the heart, they would be hearing out for irregular heart beats and sounds, a systolic murmur of tricuspid regurgitation or a gallop due to ventricular failure. They will also check the abdomen, legs, and ankles for fluid retention. Also strangely look at nails and lips for bluish tints. â€Å"Other tests can be done such as a blood test: Complete metabolic panel (CMP): Examines liver and kidney function Autoantibody blood tests, such as ANA, ESR, and others: Screens for collagen vascular diseases Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH): A screen for thyroid problems HIV: A screen for human immunodeficiency virus Arterial blood gases (ABG): Determines the level of oxygen in arterial blood. Complete blood count (CBC): Tests for infection, elevated hemoglobin, and anemia B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP): A marker for heart failure† other intense tests can be done to make the diagnosis much clearer such as Doppler echocardiogram, this uses sound waves to show the function of the right ventricle to measure the blood flow through the heart valves, and then calculate the systolic pulmonary artery pressure. There is also an X-ray, this is done on the chest. This can show any increase or decrease in size of the right ventricle and arteries. A simpler test such as the 6-minute walk test, this controls exercise patience level and blood oxygen saturation level during exercise. There is also a Pulmonary function test, this seeks for other lung conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis compared to others. Also there is a Polysomnogram or overnight oximetry, this monitors sleep apnea (results in low oxygen levels at night). Also a right heart catheterization, this measures various heart pressures ( inside the pulmonary arteries, coming from the left side of the heart), the rate at which the heart is able to pump blood, and finds any leaks between the right and left sides of the heart. Theres also other scans such as a ventilation perfusion scan, this looks for blood clots along the pathway to the lungs. Other tests such as a Pulmonary angiogram, this is similar to the ventilation perfusion scan because it looks for blood clots, this is slightly different because it looks for the blockages in the pulmonary arteries instead. Also similar to these, there is a Chest CT scan, this also looks for blood clots and other lung conditions that may be contributing to or worsening pulmonary hypertension. how is pulmonary hypertensions treated? It is vital and essential for the diagnosis of the problem to be stated and made sure before looking for any treatment, there are some cases that have gone wrong because they didnt actually have hypertension. Treatment varies on the individual, its based on the different fundamental causes but generally includes taking medications; making lifestyle and dietary changes; having surgery, if necessary; and seeing your doctor regularly. There are lots of different medications that are available to treat pulmonary hypertension. Treatment choices, such as those listed below, depend on the strictness of pulmonary hypertension, the likelihood of progression, and individual drug tolerance. Oxygen — replaces the low oxygen in your blood. Anticoagulants or blood thinners such as warfarin sodium, this decreases blood clot configuration so blood flows more freely through blood vessels. Diuretics or water pills such as furosemide, spironalactone this removes extra fluid from the tissues and bloodstream, which reduces swelling and makes breathing easier. Potassium, this replaces potassium (an essential nutrient) that may be lost with increased urination when taking diuretics. Inotropic agents (such as digoxin) this improves the heart’s pumping ability. Vasodilators or — lowers pulmonary blood pressure and may improve the pumping ability of the right side of the heart. Bosentan, this helps block the action of endothelin, a substance that causes narrowing of lung blood vessels. These medications require monthly lab work to monitor liver function. Epoprostenol, this dilates pulmonary arteries and helps prevent blood clots from forming. Sildenafil, thisrelaxes pulmonary smooth muscle cells, which leads to dilation of the pulmonary arteries. Surgical therapies Pulmonary thromboendarterectomy. This is where a large clot in the pulmonary artery may be surgically removed to improve blood flow and lung function. Lung transplantation Currently, this is the only cure for primary pulmonary hypertension. Transplantation is reserved for advanced pulmonary hypertension that is not responsive to medical therapy. The right side of the heart will generally return to normal after the lung/lungs have been transplanted. Heart and lung transplantation This type of double organ transplant is very rare but is necessary for all patients who have combined lung and left heart failure. M1- assess possible difficulties involved in the diagnosis of the disorders from their signs and symptoms. Diagnosing someone can be very difficult and is a very long process. It all starts off with referral. Self referral, this is when an individual notices something about themselves or it could be another member of the their family/friends and they take themselves to their doctor. In some cases people can be quite stubborn about their case and not want to go to the doctor, they may be putting themselves at serious risk. another referral leading from that is a professional referral, this is the individuals doctor. the doctor then examines them then and there and makes a diagnosis but it most cases sees them over a period time to monitor them, for example the doctor might want to see the patient every couple of weeks to check their blood pressure, this is potentially putting them at risk because it could be getting worse and worse. however some individuals that are well off can afford private health insurances such as Bupa and could be seen within that day. another point about professional referral is that you cant always get an appointment with the doctor straight the way, in some cases, it takes a week, this makes it severely difficult to diagnose somebody because their situation may have gotten a lot worse and could of lead to something more serious. There is then a third-party referral, i did mention this before how families and friends of the individual can spot something off with them and then they advise them to see the doctor, this is very important because the individual who is ill may not even have a clue whats going on with their selves. hypertension is dangerous because it can increase your risk of heart attack, stroke, and other illnesses. Unfortunately, however, hypertension has few, if any, early warning signs. A simple, painless test, a physical exam, and a few medical history questions are a start. Generally, doctors do not diagnose a patient with high blood pressure based on one set of readings, because there are many factors that can artificially raise a patients blood pressure. A patient may have rushed to the doctors and may still have high adrenaline levels. Seeing a new health care provider for the first time can make a patient nervous and raise blood pressure. White coat hypertension is experienced by some patients whose blood pressure is higher when measured by the doctor than when measured by another health care provider. Pulmonary hypertension is hard to diagnose early because its not often detected in a routine physical exam. Even when the disease is more advanced, its signs and symptoms are similar to those of other heart and lung conditions. There are also factors of an individual that may influence the development of hypertension. for example inherited traits. As we get older and as the time of generation gets better everyone gets more aware quickly that disorders in the family can be passed down in the generations. hypertension is known to be to be inherited by other family members. If an individual does to the doctor for a clinical diagnosis, they happen to have some symptoms of hypertension but it doesnt run in the family this could lead to an issue, because the doctor may think it could be something else. this could automatically put the individual at risk because the doctor is putting the patient on hold. for example the doctor may think the problem may their diet or their birth control pill. so the doctor may consider them to changing their diet or pill, as this process is happening the individuals problem could be getting worse and this is putting them at risk. another factor could be lifestyle choices. this could be something like diet or social outings. The risk is also greater among individuals who have a high salt intake and those with a higher body mass index (BMI), which is a measure of body fat based on weight and height. Other factors such as employment can make it hard to diagnose hypertension. If someone who works in an industry which is manual labor, their risk of hypertension is a lot higher then someone who has a more chilled out job such as working as a receptionist however everyone is different so sometimes this may not be the case. There are serious complications when diagnosing hypertension because its the lead to serious diseases such as cardiovascular and kidney diseases because they all have the same symptoms and signs. cardiovascular diseases could be: stroke: occurs when the blood supply to part of the brain is cut off heart attack: happens when the supply of blood to the heart is suddenly blocked embolism: occurs when a blood clot or air bubble blocks the flow of blood in a vessel aneurysm: occurs when a blood vessel wall bursts causing internal bleeding It is very surprising that these serious diseases have the same signs and symptoms as hypertension, especially for the fact that hypertension is known to be a silent killer. This is a big factor because if someone has been diagnosed with hypertension they might even have lung or heart failure without knowing so its so important that its taken seriously by health professionals. P1 P2 P3 Explain the nature of two named physiological disorders Explain the signs and symptoms Describe the investigations that are carried out to enable the diagnosis. Breast Cancer Breast cancer is the most common cancer in the UK. About 48,000 women get breast cancer in Britain each year. Most (eight out of 10) are over 50, but younger women, and in rare cases, men, can also get breast cancer. (1) A womans breasts are made up of fat, connective tissue and thousands of tiny glands, known as lobules, which produce milk. If a woman has a baby, the milk is delivered to the nipple through tiny tubes called ducts, which allow her to breastfeed. Our bodies are made up of billions of tiny cells. Normally, cells grow and multiply in an orderly way. New cells are only made when and where they are needed. In cancer, this orderly process goes wrong and cells begin to grow and multiply uncontrollably. Breast cancer can have a number of symptoms but usually shows as a lump or thickening in the breast tissue (although most breast lumps are not cancerous). If cancer is detected at an early stage, it can be treated before it spreads to nearby parts of the body. There are several different types of breast cancer, which can develop in different parts of the breast. Breast cancer is often divided into non-invasive and invasive types. Non-invasive breast cancer Non-invasive breast cancer is also known as cancer or carcinoma in situ. This cancer is found in the ducts of the breast and has not developed the ability to spread outside the breast. This form of cancer rarely shows as a lump in the breast and is usually found on a mammogram. The most common type of non-invasive cancer is ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Invasive breast cancer Invasive cancer has the ability to spread outside the breast, although this does not mean it necessarily has spread. The most common form of breast cancer is invasive ductal breast cancer, which develops in the cells that line the breast ducts. Invasive ductal breast cancer accounts for about 80% of all cases of breast cancer and is sometimes called no special type. Other types of breast cancer Other less common types of breast cancer include invasive lobular breast cancer, which develops in the cells that line the milk-producing lobules, inflammatory breast cancer and Pagets disease of the breast. It is possible for breast cancer to spread to other parts of the body, usually through the lymph nodes (small glands that filter bacteria from the body) or the bloodstream. If this happens, it is known as secondary or metastatic breast cancer. The first symptom of breast cancer most women notice is a lump or an area of thickened tissue in their breast. Most lumps (90%) are not cancerous, but its always worth getting it checked by the doctor. The lump or area of thickened tissue in either breast, it act upon it quickly its always vital women take regular checks on the breast by slightly rolling the palm of the breast. usually you would see a change in the size or shape of one or both breasts. another symptom is discharge from either of your nipples (which may be streaked with blood) this is very unusual for this to happen so it would be so vital to see the doctor in any of these cases. because the lymph nodes are connected from the armpit to the breast you could find a lump or swelling in either of your armpit. dimpling on the skin of your breasts is also a common sign followed by a rash. also a change in the appearance of your nipple, such as becoming sunken into your breast and pain in either of your breasts or armpits not related to your period. If the individual has had close relatives who have had breast cancer or ovarian cancer then they have a higher of developing breast cancer. However, as breast cancer is the most common cancer in women, it is possible for it to occur more than once in the same family by chance. Most breast cancer cases do not run in families. However, particular genes, known as BRCA1 and BRCA2, can increase your risk of developing both breast and ovarian cancer. It is possible for these genes to be passed on from a parent to their child. A third gene (TP53) is also associated with increased risk of breast cancer. The risk of developing breast cancer increases as you get older. Breast cancer is most common among women over 50 who have been through the menopause. Eight out of 10 cases of breast cancer occur in women over 50. All women between 50 and 70 years of age should be screened for breast cancer every three years as part of the NHS Breast Screening Programmed. Women over the age of 70 are still eligible to be screened and can arrange this through their GP or local screening unit. Currently, there are ongoing pilot studies looking at widening the screening age range to 47-73 Unfortunately if an individual has had previously had breast cancer or early non-invasive cancer cell changes contained within breast ducts, you have a higher risk of developing it again, either in your other breast or in the same breast again. It is vital that if anyone gets any symptoms of breast cancer they go and see the GP or doctor. The GP will examine the person and, if they think their symptoms need further assessment, refer them to a specialist breast cancer

The Retention of Market-Resistant Institutions an Example by

When Past Holds the Future: The Retention of Market-Resistant Institutions Societies can be differentiated on the basis of the extent of market penetration. The least modernized societies are not only economically disadvantaged but also suffers from the loss of growth potentials. Such societies are marked by their retention of structures and institutions which are not market friendly. The purpose of this essay is to examine the major reasons that make societies closed to establishing market friendly institutions and structures. Need essay sample on "When Past Holds the Future: The Retention of Market-Resistant Institutions" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Resisting the Market In non-market based economies, the information and energy flows between the four major functions such as adaptation, goal attainment, integration and pattern maintenance are extremely weak or minimal. The social subsystems of economy, culture and polity here are rigid and inflexible. It is always important to remember that economy is not separated from the society and political and cultural factors do play a decisive role in the (re)shaping of the economy. Still, advanced societies are marked by better differentiation of economy from polity and culture. In an embedded economy, economy is fully submerged in society as a whole. Here, social institutions are multifunctional and economic relations are embedded in broader social relations (Holton, 1995, p.18). In this context, an economic function such as commodity exchange has social, political and cultural meanings as well. In market-resistant societies, economic functions have larger influence in shaping social bonds and cultural featu res. On the contrary, in a market based economy, the mechanisms of price determination and calculations of cost-benefit do not carry in any way direct cultural or political significance (Holton, 1995, p.18). It certainly allows the economy to be more autonomous and self-regulating. The communal underpinnings of economic functions are the major bulwark against the free market exchange in market-resistant societies. It has been argued that the self-interest of the individuals and firms in a market economy with good economic policies and clearly delineated property rights is a major force for crime prevention, lawful behavior, and law enforcement (Olson, 2000, p. 103). The idea is that the self-interested individuals in a market friendly society are not self-interested in maximising their profits but also in preventing the profit from being accumulated in illegitimate means. Smaller groups such as the primitive tribes are normally voluntary groups and are typically governed by consensus. Many of the most primitive tribes are acephalous, so there often is not an individual in a position to coerce the others (Olson, 2000, p. 91). It is very much possible for societies in which free market solutions are fully evolved to have strong economic growth. However, there can be very serious problems in the long run. Olson has pointed out that the economically most successful autocrats not only tend to have long planning horizons but also to resist or repress special-interest groups: they tend to have "hard" states that do not usually adapt their policies to organized interests in particular occupations or industries (Olson, 2000, p.100). The resistance towards market in such societies cannot be overcome without modernising them with democratic and market friendly structures and institutions at all the realms of society. Conclusion To conclude, it is possible to argue that the market-resistant societies are trapped in their past and their inability to develop modern institutions prevent them from being market friendly. Works Cited Holton, Robert, J. (1995). Economy and Society, Oxon: Routledge. Olson, Mancur. (2000) Power and prosperity: outgrowing communist and capitalist dictatorships, New York: Basic Books

Matrix Concept in Management

Matrix Concept in Management Introduction The matrix structure is a management technique which diverts from the conventional manner of managing talent in the workplace. Often, the concept is applied throughout the organization, but there are cases where only part of the organization can be managed in this manner (Ford, 1992, p. 1).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Matrix Concept in Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More What is unique about the matrix concept is that, there are several reporting channels to the top management, as opposed to the conventional one channel of reporting. In the past, many organizations were known to dissect employee talent according to employee product association or functional levels. However, the matrix structure combines the two platforms to create a dual reporting system. The matrix technique therefore works by integrating cross-functional work teams in the sense that, employees now report to various sections of a company’s top managerial team (Kuprenas, 2003, p. 52). The entire concept of matrix management was derived from a diagrammatic form of organizational management where there is a grid of functions and product groups bound to be accomplished by selected employee groups (Samson and Daft, 2009). The matrix concept is normally adopted where there are sophisticated products to be developed and the input of various departments ought to be incorporated to make the project a success. However, there have been increased concerns among managerial circles that, the matrix concept creates more problems than it can solve. This concern is registered because from the dual reporting system which the matrix structure incorporates, organizational design is complicated. This study focuses on the matrix structure as the first part of the study and in the second part of the study, an analysis of the concept of teamwork will be made. An analysis of the matrix structure will be done to establis h why the matrix concept is weak in applicability and in the second part of the study; this study explains why most managers today adopt the concept of teamworkAdvertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Applicability of the Matrix Concept Though the matrix structure has been advanced as a formalized way of making the organizational design process efficient, it also creates new problems for organizations which adopt the concept. In this regard, the matrix concept exposes a lot of weaknesses in its application, such that, it sometimes beats the sense of adopting it in the first place. The dual reporting structure of the matrix concept is the major element of crisis for the concept because it exposes organizations to a lot of problems regarding the applicability of the concept. For instance, the dual reporting system envisioned in the concept is very costly for organizations to implement and therefore this affects the productivity of the concept (Clegg, Kornberger and Pitsis, 2005). More importantly, this problem is severe for organizations which are just starting up because they may lack the funds to bounce back into operations once they suffer severe operational losses. Through the dual reporting structure, the matrix concept creates a complex reporting system which causes a lot of confusion in the organization regarding which individual or department employees should report to. The chain of command is therefore distorted with the adoption of the matrix structure and chances of role ambiguity surfacing is high (Gottlieb, 2007, p. 2). This situation is likely to brew more conflict for organizations and especially individuals who hold high positions. This conflict is observed in form of interpersonal conflict because the matrix structure pits two individuals against one other (because employees report to both of them). Chances of superiority battles occur ring is therefore high and employees may find themselves caught up in the middle of the standoff since they may find themselves in a position where they have to pledge loyalty to a certain individual. For instance, a project manager may tell an employee to do one thing but another manager in a different department may tell the employee to do another thing which contravenes the first instruction.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Matrix Concept in Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This situation may corrode employee cohesion and reduces the synergy needed in completing given projects. It is therefore no surprise that, companies which have shifted their organizational designs from the conventional form to the matrix form experience high employee turnover as a result (Kuprenas, 2003, p. 53). The shortcomings of the matrix structure have also been practically evidenced in the United States (US) (in 1961-1978) wh en a quarter of the hospitals shifted their organizational designs to the matrix structure and later abandoned it after citing operational problems. At this point, several research studies were done to analyze why the concept was failing and it was discovered that, the matrix concept was more suited for larger organizations as opposed to smaller ones (Willmott, 2010, p. 114). However, this turned out not to be the case because subsequent studies done in General Motors (which is a large organization) revealed that, the concept was still not applicable because it was affirmed that, managers lost control of their departments, thereby decreasing productivity and efficiency. Teamwork Organizations have in the recent past greatly utilized the concept of teamwork in organizational processes. Teams are independent groups of people who work towards the achievement of a given organizational goal. The trend has picked up in the recent past because recent research findings show that, teamwork i s an efficient way of getting organizational objectives done within a short time (Parker, 2008, p. 183). The efficiency of teamwork has motivated more managers to nurture the concept because researchers who have past experiences in the use of the concept, acknowledge that, decisions are easily made in this regard and undertaking simple processes like encouraging employees to be more productive can significantly lead to a lot of improvements in the production process.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Some companies also use teams because it is a simple way of controlling the behaviors of employees. For instance, when employees work in teams, they feel obligated to ensure the success of the team at all costs and many would often not want to be singled out as the derailing cause in a given team. For instance, if an employee falls sick, chances are that, he or she will struggle to come to work so that, he or she is not identified as the weak link in the team. This observation is a form of positive peer influence in the sense that, positive energies from team members are likely to spread to other team members as well. The uptake of the concept of teamwork among organizations is also motivated by the fact that, with team working, the organization can be able to integrate different talents towards the success of a given project. For instance, not every employee possesses the same skill or talent and therefore, it is only wise to integrate the different talents of team member towards t he realization of a given organizational goal. This fact is closely similar to the concept of building synergy because teamwork easily leads to the success of the concept. Synergy appreciates the fact that, two talents are better than one and the integration of different employee talent is more productive than if employees were to work individually (Parker, 2008, p. 183). This concept also changes the management’s view of the organization because employees are now perceived as part of an entire segment of an organization as opposed to individual people. Teamwork therefore helps to build synergy in this manner and managers appreciate its productivity as a result. For instance, an airport controller would find his job very difficult if he were not to embrace the concept of teamwork because controlling different airline companies to offer maximum service satisfaction to hundreds of customers is not an easy thing. For example: coordinating the checking of luggage; passenger aligh ting; cabin cleaning; replenishment of foods, drinks and snacks; airplane fuel refilling; luggage unloading and similar activities are tedious tasks. The adoption of the concept of teamwork is therefore useful in helping such an individual effectively handle such a hustle because through the adoption of teamwork, the airport controller will be able to speed up all the processes, say, if he adds two or more people in the luggage checking department as opposed to only four people, or if he adds more flight attendants to communicate with the pilot in times of landing or take off. Conclusion In light of the weaknesses of the matrix approach, many organizations have changed their perception (especially held in the 70s) that, the matrix structure is an antidote for all organizational design problems because the breadth of its potential for applicability significantly reduced as a result. However, the notion that, the matrix structure is appropriate for large organizations exists because i t is believed that, large organizations operating in a fast-paced business environment may benefit more from the organizational design strategy than companies which do not share the same nature. In the same regard, it is correct to say that, a coal mining company is not likely to benefit from the concept (matrix) as opposed to a company dealing in pharmaceutical products. Also, companies which do not heavily rely on the services of professionals or semi-professionals are likely to fail to benefit from the concept because the technique is best applied when an organization relies on the services of professionals such as engineers, surveyors and the likes. The matrix technique is also only applicable in an organization which has a diverse set of professionals who have various skills and in organizations which have nurtured employee behavior such that, the interpersonal skill level is high. However, getting organizations which have attained this level of employee cohesion is normally di fficult. Also, for the concept to effectively works, there needs to be sufficient authority given to project managers who work under the authority of the functional and product managers to make important decisions regarding the course various projects have to take. Considering these dynamics of the matrix concept, the matrix technique is applied best as part of a large inclusive strategy of organizational design, but it should not be left alone to stand as the only unique organizational design strategy. With regards to the teamwork concept applied by many organizations today, organizational managers have discovered that, it is easier to foster collaboration and cohesion in the organization through teamwork so that, tasks can be effectively completed in the organization. Managers also aim to improve their employee’s problem solving skills in the organization because working in teams is also strenuous and employees are bound to disagree with one another regarding various issues . The team environment however encourages them to solve their disputes and iron out their differences. This improves their problem solving skills. Moreover, the team environment encourages employees to come up with creative ideas which they can brainstorm among themselves and ultimately, the organization will be the one to benefit because such creative ideas are likely to be of benefit to them. References Clegg, S., Kornberger, M., Pitsis, T. (2005). Managing and Organizations: An  Introduction to Theory and Practice. London: Sage. Ford, R. (1992). Cross-Functional Structures: A Review and Integration of Matrix  Organization and Project Management. Journal of Management, 6, 1-22. Gottlieb, M. (2007). The Matrix Organization Reloaded: Adventures in Team And  Project Management. London: Greenwood Publishing Group. Kuprenas, J. (2003). Implementation and Performance of a Matrix Organization  Structure. International Journal of Project Management, 21, 50-62. Parker, G. (2008). Team Players and Team Work: New Strategies for Developing  Successful Collaboration. London: John Wiley and Sons. Samson, D., Daft, R. (2009). Management Third Asia Pacific Edition. Australia:  Cengage Learning. Willmott, H. (2010). Organization Theory and Design. London: Cengage Learning.

Treaty of Paris 1783 and the American Revolution

Treaty of Paris 1783 and the American Revolution Following the British defeat at the Battle of Yorktown in October 1781, leaders in Parliament decided that offensive campaigns in North America should cease in favor of a different, more limited approach. This was spurred by the widening of the war to include France, Spain, and the Dutch Republic. Through the fall and following winter, British colonies in the Caribbean fell to enemy forces as did Minorca. With anti-war forces growing in power, Lord Norths government fell in late March 1782 and was replaced by one led by Lord Rockingham. Learning that Norths government had fallen, Benjamin Franklin, the American ambassador in Paris, wrote to Rockingham expressing a desire to begin peace negotiations. Understanding that making peace was a necessity, Rockingham elected to embrace the opportunity. While this pleased Franklin, and his fellow negotiators John Adams, Henry Laurens, and John Jay, they made it clear that the terms of the United States alliance with France prevented them from making peace without French approval. In moving forward, the British decided that they would not accept American independence as a precondition for beginning talks. Political Intrigue This reluctance was due to their knowledge that France was experiencing financial difficulties and a hope that military fortunes could be reversed. To begin the process, Richard Oswald was sent to meet with the Americans while Thomas Grenville was dispatched to begin talks with the French. With negotiations proceeding slowly, Rockingham died in July 1782 and Lord Shelburne became the head of the British government. Though British military operations began to have success, the French stalled for time as they were working with Spain to capture Gibraltar. In addition, the French sent a secret envoy to London as there were several issues, including fishing rights on the Grand Banks, on which they disagreed with their American allies. The French and Spanish were also concerned about American insistence on the Mississippi River as a western border. In September, Jay learned of the secret French mission and wrote to Shelburne detailing why he should not be influenced by the French and Spanish. In this same period, Franco-Spanish operations against Gibraltar were failing to leave the French to begin debating ways for exiting the conflict. Advancing to Peace Leaving their allies to bicker amongst themselves, the Americans became aware of a letter sent during the summer to George Washington in which Shelburne conceded the point of independence. Armed with this knowledge, they re-entered talks with Oswald. With the issue of independence settled, they began hammering out the details which included border issues and discussion of reparations. On the former point, the Americans were able to get the British to agree to the borders established after the French Indian War rather than those set by the Quebec Act of 1774. By the end of November, the two sides produced a preliminary treaty based on the following points: Great Britain recognized the Thirteen Colonies to be free, sovereign and independent states.The borders of the United States would be those of 1763 extending west to the Mississippi.The United States would receive fishing rights on the Grand Banks and Gulf of St. Lawrence.All contracted debts were to be paid to creditors on each side.The Congress of the Confederation would recommend that each state legislature provide restitution for property taken from Loyalists.The United States would prevent property from being taken from Loyalists in the future.All prisoners of war were to be released.Both the United States and Great Britain were to have perpetual access to the Mississippi.Territory captured by the United States subsequent to the treaty was to be returned.Ratification of the treaty was to occur within six months of signing. With the British relief of Gibraltar in October, the French ceased to have any interest in aiding the Spanish. As a result, they were willing to accept a sepa rate Anglo-American peace. Reviewing the treaty, they grudgingly accepted it on November 30. Signing Ratification With the French approval, the Americans and Oswald signed a preliminary treaty on November 30. The terms of the treaty provoked a political firestorm in Britain where the concession of territory, abandonment of the Loyalists, and granting of fishing rights proved particularly unpopular. This backlash forced Shelburne to resign and a new government was formed under the Duke of Portland. Replacing Oswald with David Hartley, Portland hoped to modify the treaty. This was blocked by the Americans who insisted on no changes. As a result, Hartley and the American delegation signed the Treaty of Paris on September 3, 1783. Brought before the Congress of the Confederation at Annapolis, MD, the treaty was ratified on January 14, 1784. Parliament ratified the treaty on April 9 and ratified copies of the document were exchanged the following month in Paris. Also on September 3, Britain signed separate treaties ending their conflicts with France, Spain, and the Dutch Republic. These largely saw the European nations exchange colonial possessions with Britain regaining the Bahamas, Grenada, and Montserrat while ceding the Floridas to Spain. Frances gains included Senegal as well as having fishing rights guaranteed on the Grand Banks. Selected Sources University of Oklahoma: Treaty of Paris (1783) TextUS State Department: Treaty of Paris (1783)Patriot Resource: Treaty of Paris (1783)

The book the killer angels Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The book the killer angels - Essay Example The story is characterized in a way that it is told from the  perspectives  of various  protagonists. Thus, this battle, fought for both freedom as well as the way of life, proved to be a very tough one as is shown by history. Michael Shaara (1928-88) was an eminent American author, was known for his fiction works based on the fields of science, sports fiction as well as history. He was born in Jersey City, New Jersey, to an Italian family who had immigrated to America. He completed his graduation in the year 1915 from the Rutgers University. An important part of his life was his rendering of service to the 82nd Airborne division as a very determined and courageous sergeant. Shaara always harboured the desire to transform his feelings and emotions into words, and this influenced him to author a story of historical significance, which portrayed exactly what the people felt about the war. Therefore, the story is an insight into what the emotions and feelings people had under the situation of war and also what was the cause for the war. Summary: ‘The Killer Angels’ is an apt example of how language and writing can change the perspectives of people regarding a particular thing. This fictional story about the Civil War and especially the Gettysburg battle of 1863, brings to fore the perceptions of active members in the war, such as the generals and union generals namely: James Longstreet and Robert E. Lee as well as John Buford and Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain. The story Shaara tells seems to be more informative about the Gettysburg battle than any other non-fiction work on the same. Col. Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain, one of the characters in the story, is seen to be a very highly inspiring figure, with â€Å"his Twentieth Maine Infantry Regiment† kept the left flank of the union safe and secure during the second day of the battle (Latham II). It is only with the help of this unit that the people were able to get an upper hand against the reb els at Little Round Top. This novel finds place in the hearts of civil war readers under the category of non-fictional works. This is so due to the fact that the way Shaara has portrayed the characters, there exists a high level of accuracy behind it as compared to the real events. Another reason is that the author has successfully made an account of important turning points that changed the fate of the Battle of Gettysburg. It comes as no surprise that a curious reader will definitely be left with the desire to know more about the battles as well as Civil War described in the novel. There are a lot of people who think that reading history is a process that involves nothing but getting bored, this book is more than enough to prove those notions wrong. The book also opposes another belief that historical writing holds, which is that readers interested in war novels are more inclined to know things from the perspective of the common soldier and not the generals, who are blessed to sta y in the dignified atmosphere of rear headquarters, moving armies around like chess pieces. For anyone who thinks the fighting at Gettysburg was simply a large battle in a big field, Shaara has painted a moving picture of the three-day battle that reveals not only the elaborateness of the  Civil War, but the personal lives and thoughts of the men who fought in it. By taking first-hand accounts written in journals and letters, Shaara has intertwined a piece of historical fiction. The

Media in Saudi Arabia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Media in Saudi Arabia - Essay Example Basically, every government is made up of the executive, the legislature and the judiciary. This is also the case with Saudi Arabia. The executive is made up of the King who is also the prime minister and other two deputy prime ministers together with the cabinet which is appointed by the king and is composed mainly of members of the royal family. The legislature is simply made up of the Consultative Council which is150 member committee which is headed by a chairman chosen by the king himself. All the other members are also selected by the king but in 2003, it was announced that there were plans to hold elections for half of the membership of the committee as a way of enhancing democracy. The judiciary is represented by the Supreme Council of Justice which makes sure that the law is implemented (Metz, 2004: pp48-53). This paper seeks to analyze Saudi Arabia with special emphasis on the media in general. The paper will describe the role of the media, its freedom, its regulation and ma ny other issues surrounding the Saudi media in general. Saudi Arabia has evolved over time from being the most pious and inward-looking underdeveloped desert kingdom to become one of the richest countries in the world thanks to the fast oil resource. Actually, 90% of Saudi exports are petroleum and petroleum products. These exports are made to countries such as South Korea, Singapore, China, US, Taiwan and Japan. The petroleum sector in Saudi Arabia claims a massive 80% of the budget revenue, 45% of GDP (albeit 40% of GDP is taken care by the private sector (Metz, 2004: pp48-53). The country has been under a tight leadership guided by the stringent Sharia law. This law has seen the abuse of human rights as well as abuse of democracy demonstrated by draconian media laws that gag free media. Saudi has once been accused of an authoritarian monarchy well riddled with extremists groups that tries to defy the rule of the monarchs. These extremists have had to organize and execute acts of terrorism as a way of forcing the government to make reforms. The most notable of the terrorist strikes was the 2003 suicide bombings that left more than 30 dead in the capital Riyadh. The suicide bombers were suspected to be linked to the global Islamic terrorist group al-Qaeda. The 2003 Riyadh attack has since been named the Saudi's version of September 11. It may be true that the extremists may be calling for a long overdue reform but their approach has missed the point. Nevertheless, the government of Saudi Arabia has had to face the very daunting task of instituting and enacti ng reform as a result of pressure from both extremists and non extremist groups such as the media (Randall, 1998: pp123-128) as well as combating the ever rising problem of violence from extremist groups. The ruling monarchy of Saudi Arabia has been passed down the bloodline of the royal family since the 18th century. Hitherto, it has been the wish of the royal family to emancipate Saudi Arabia from militant violence by ensuring stability. They have planned to do this by clearing all the militant or dissident groups. This plan is evident by the welcome gesture to the US troops that have been stationed in Saudi especially after the 1990 Iraq's attack on Kuwait.

Keeping Marine Mammals in Captivity Essay Example for Free

Keeping Marine Mammals in Captivity Essay Problem (2 Points) Does captivity affect the overall health and behavior of marine mammals? Research (2 Points) Wild Animals Habitat: Open ocean Diet: Krill Behavior: Friendly Captivity Habitat: Tank of ocean water, replicated to appear like the ocean. Diet: Krill caught in the ocean, fed three times a day. Behavior: Friendly to other mammals within the tank. Hypothesis (4 Points) If we keep marine animals in captivity for over a year, then their health and behavior will be negatively impacted. Procedure (4 Points) 1. Set up area in both wild and captive areas for testing. 2. Choose the same marine mammal for both the wild and captive area to test. 3. Tag and assess health of the wild marine mammal. Asses the health of the  captive mammal. 4. Monitor mammals for a year. 5. Record their behavior with detail and accuracy. 6. Asses health and behavior of both mammals after one year. Analysis (4 Points) The animals in captivity appeared to be healthier and friendly to their tank mates. They were fed organic krill and were fed regularly, but were very nervous and slightly hostile to outside animals once they were exposed. The animals that were not in captivity fed on their own time but were not necessarily unhealthy. They were not hostile to other mammals and peacefully coexisted with other mammals in the ocean. Conclusion (2 Points) My results did not support my hypothesis. The mammals kept in captivity were healthier than the mammals in the wild, due to controlled setting, and regular nutritious diet. However their behavior was negatively impacted. They were nervous and somewhat hostile towards the wild mammals once exposed to the wild. Grammar/Spelling (2 Points) Once you complete designing your own experiment, check the assignment for directions on how to submit your final product to your instructor.

Comparing Tapdancing of Robinson and Glover :: Bill Bojangles Robinson Savion Glover

Abstract: Comparing the tap dancing of tap stars Bill ‘Bojangles’ Robinson and Savion Glover in the two Hollywood films Stormy Weather (1943) by Andrew Stone and Bamboozled (2000) by Spike Lee, calls for the analysis of each film’s historical context. There are race issues deeply embedded either in the political and social situation at the time the film was made, as is the case with Stormy Weather, or in the narrative of the film, as with Bamboozled. This article pro- poses that the markers for the evolution of tap have been closely aligned with the progress of African Americans in this country. Tap dancing, an art grounded in African American culture, has moved from an upbeat style with its collection of steps that characterize the Jazz Age, such as the Charleston and the Stomp Time Step, to a style that better mirrors rap’s explosive rhythms and tendency towards synchronization. Much like African American music, tap- dancing’s evolution has been closely aligned with social progress and the slow breaking-down of stereotypes developed in the minstrel shows of the late 1800’s. The direct effects of racist stereotyping on tap-dancing are best observed in pre- 1960’s Hollywood films because these films reached a wide, mostly white, audience and were financed and directed by Whites. Tap legend, Bill ‘Bojangles’ Robinson, the star of Stormy Weather (1943), was forced to funnel his talent through a colander of social prejudices set to White Hollywood’s liking, and these social confines are visible in his dancing in this film. It was not until the 1980’s that modern tap emerged in Hollywood as an energetic battle cry from young African American dancers who demanded respect for their art form by refusing to conform to stereotypes. The film Bamboozled (2000), directed by Spike Lee, contrasts modern-day tap to the old-school style. In it, Savion Glover performs both the funky, urban style in street scenes and the smiley, traditional style in modern-day minstrel shows recreated for the film. In order to demonstrate how early conformity with and later break away from stereotypes have fueled the formation of two different generations of tap dancing, I will discuss historical context, and specifically the influence of minstrel shows on Stormy Weather and the 80’s tap revival on Bamboozled, before isolating and analyzing a scene from each film as representative of the two styles of tap-dancing. Stormy Weather, by white director Andrew L. Stone, follows the story of Bill ‘Bojangles’ Robinson’s character (Bill Williamson) as he makes his way to the top in show business.

Record Keeping

Leander Picton Course Pttls Good record keeping The importance of accurate record keeping assists in establishing a reliable source of data for each client. The initial collation of client data such as diagnostic results and initial assessments provide the supportive information required for the preliminary development of an individuals learning programme. Initial and referral assessments provide an insight into a client’s previous learning experience, prior achievement, expectations and any learning difficulties which require consideration when preparing a lesson.Using these assessments a personal development plan can be implemented and used for reference and the recording of a client’s progression providing a diverse source of data for a tutor to draw upon when preparing for a client review. The recording of diagnostics results, learning style questionnaire and academic work allows a tutor to inform a client of their progression and where and how their learning and pe rformance can be improved and identify a client’s aptitude and ability for a particular learning style.Continuous maintenance and regular review of these records is vital to evaluate a client’s progression and provide positive encouragement and direction. These records provide a means to recognise further learning and development requirements and aid in the structure of assignments which are challenging but achievable accommodating the client’s specific learning abilities and meeting the client’s expectations and aspirations.The continuous maintenance and regular review of client documentation must undoubtedly contribute in sustaining a level of quality and commitment in providing a clear and constructive learning experience for all clients and ensure contractual agreements are met. As collation and recording of data is a regular necessity for a learning centre the data protection act provides assurance to clients by setting out clear and concise guidelin es for the processing and storage of an individual’s details. Personal data must be adequate, relevant and not excessive in relation to the purpose for which they are to be processed.They must be fair and lawful and it must be transparent about how the data is intended to be used. Reviews are an integral part of the process for recording and monitoring academic achievements, progression, behaviour, a client’s wellbeing and for the evolution of the learning centre and tutors. They are crucial in the delivery and collection of tutor and client feedback and it is therefore, essential reviews are held regularly and command an importance within the learning program impressing on the client the commitment of the learning centre.Reviews must be held in a confidential environment and be transparent as to encourage open and honest communication from both parties when providing feedback, informing the client of their academic progression, encouraging a positive change in behavio ur and supportive with development programmes. The client must be clear on the tutor’s expectations and what academic progression is required. Feedback should be given with care and attention to standards of respect for diversity and equality.The reviewer must facilitate the meeting and in achieving this goal should consider using a variety of methods in the delivery of feedback. This could be achieved by discussing a client’s work folder, interests and dislikes, achievements and barriers, discussing previous tasks set and setting new tasks, creating mind maps, tables for long and short term goals, explanation of performance charts and the clients own self assessment. The alternations of visual reference data provides for both client and tutor an understanding of the feedback being delivered and engages with the client on specific topics.The conclusion of a review must include the encouragement of the client, with the guidance of the tutor, in setting a number of SMART targets and provide initial steps to developing academic goals. A personal development plan must be agreed by both client and tutor and dates set to review individual tasks and overall progression.Reference: ‘Importance of Recordkeeping’ by Steve Glenn www. back. ac. uk/learningandteaching www. ico. gov. uk Record Keeping Leander Picton Course Pttls Good record keeping The importance of accurate record keeping assists in establishing a reliable source of data for each client. The initial collation of client data such as diagnostic results and initial assessments provide the supportive information required for the preliminary development of an individuals learning programme. Initial and referral assessments provide an insight into a client’s previous learning experience, prior achievement, expectations and any learning difficulties which require consideration when preparing a lesson.Using these assessments a personal development plan can be implemented and used for reference and the recording of a client’s progression providing a diverse source of data for a tutor to draw upon when preparing for a client review. The recording of diagnostics results, learning style questionnaire and academic work allows a tutor to inform a client of their progression and where and how their learning and pe rformance can be improved and identify a client’s aptitude and ability for a particular learning style.Continuous maintenance and regular review of these records is vital to evaluate a client’s progression and provide positive encouragement and direction. These records provide a means to recognise further learning and development requirements and aid in the structure of assignments which are challenging but achievable accommodating the client’s specific learning abilities and meeting the client’s expectations and aspirations.The continuous maintenance and regular review of client documentation must undoubtedly contribute in sustaining a level of quality and commitment in providing a clear and constructive learning experience for all clients and ensure contractual agreements are met. As collation and recording of data is a regular necessity for a learning centre the data protection act provides assurance to clients by setting out clear and concise guidelin es for the processing and storage of an individual’s details. Personal data must be adequate, relevant and not excessive in relation to the purpose for which they are to be processed.They must be fair and lawful and it must be transparent about how the data is intended to be used. Reviews are an integral part of the process for recording and monitoring academic achievements, progression, behaviour, a client’s wellbeing and for the evolution of the learning centre and tutors. They are crucial in the delivery and collection of tutor and client feedback and it is therefore, essential reviews are held regularly and command an importance within the learning program impressing on the client the commitment of the learning centre.Reviews must be held in a confidential environment and be transparent as to encourage open and honest communication from both parties when providing feedback, informing the client of their academic progression, encouraging a positive change in behavio ur and supportive with development programmes. The client must be clear on the tutor’s expectations and what academic progression is required. Feedback should be given with care and attention to standards of respect for diversity and equality.The reviewer must facilitate the meeting and in achieving this goal should consider using a variety of methods in the delivery of feedback. This could be achieved by discussing a client’s work folder, interests and dislikes, achievements and barriers, discussing previous tasks set and setting new tasks, creating mind maps, tables for long and short term goals, explanation of performance charts and the clients own self assessment. The alternations of visual reference data provides for both client and tutor an understanding of the feedback being delivered and engages with the client on specific topics.The conclusion of a review must include the encouragement of the client, with the guidance of the tutor, in setting a number of SMART targets and provide initial steps to developing academic goals. A personal development plan must be agreed by both client and tutor and dates set to review individual tasks and overall progression.Reference: ‘Importance of Recordkeeping’ by Steve Glenn www. back. ac. uk/learningandteaching www. ico. gov. uk

Developing a Software Program

After  implementation  of these  steps  architecture  to develop a software program is required.  When  these wireless systems developed then these should cope with the problem fairly on real time. If an  architecture of  software program is  designed  in  such  a  way that  it is  safe  for security flexibility and other issues as well. If technology is implemented selected in an improved way then  an  information  system  can work well. If there are  leaks in the design and  programming  tactics and technology  implementation then there would be a  lot  of  leak in  the  system  as well that result in a very severe or drastic problem. In this way it can be say  that  software  programs  that developed to resolve a problem needs  attention in  all these metrics to work upon and to get a better result. If there is a better program written by a programmer who is  reliable  and  portable efficient and  of strong functionality then  fulfill  the better requirement in this case. Whereas if we are talking about the wireless information systems things become more sensitive as we are dealing on real time and gather a lot of security risks. Thats why after applying and implementing rules and regulations and following the standards will get the better  resultsafter  implementation  of these  steps  architecture  to develop a software program is required. When  these wireless systems developed then these should cope with the problem fairly on real time. If an  architecture of  software program is  designed  in  such  a  way that  it is  safe  for security flexibility and other issues as well. If technology is implemented selected in an improved way then  an  information  system  can work well. If there are  leaks in the design and  programming  tactics and technologyimplementation then there would be a  lot  of  leak in  the  system  as well that result in a very severe or drastic problem. In this way it can be say  that  software  programs  that developed to resolve a problem needs  attention in  all these metrics to work upon and to get a better result. If there is a better program written by a programmer who is  reliable  and  portable efficient and  of strong functionality then  fulfill  the better requirement in this case. Whereas if we are talking about the wireless information systems things become more sensitive as we are dealing on real time and gather a lot of security risks. Thats why after applying and implementing rules and regulations and following the standards will get the better  resultsafter  implementation  of these  steps  architecture  to develop a software program is required.  When  these wireless systems developed then these should cope with the problem fairly on real time. If an  architecture of  software program is  designed  in  such  a  way that  it is  safe  for security flexibility and other issues as well. If technology is implemented selected in an improved way then  an  information  system  can work well. If there are  leaks in the design and  programming  tactics and technology  implementation then there would be a  lot  of  leak in  the  system  as well that result in a very severe or drastic problem. In this way it can be say  that  software  programs  that developed to resolve a problem needs  attention in  all these metrics to work upon and to get a better result. If there is a better program written by a programmer who is  reliable  and  portable efficient and  of strong functionality then  fulfill  the better requirement in this case. Whereas if we are talking about the wireless information systems things become more sensitive as we are dealing on real time and gather a lot of security risks. Thats why after applying and implementing rules and regulations and following the standards will get the better  resultsafter  implementation  of these  steps  architecture  to develop a software program is required.  When  these wireless systems developed then these should cope with the problem fairly on real time. If an  architecture of  software program is  designed  in  such  a  way that  it is  safe  for security flexibility and other issues as well. If technology is implemented selected in an improved way then  an  information  system  can work well. If there are  leaks in the design and  programming  tactics and technology  implementation then there would be a  lot  of  leak in  the  system  as well that result in a very severe or drastic problem. In this way it can be say  that  software  programs  that developed to resolve a problem needs  attention in  all these metrics to work upon and to get a better result. If there is a better program written by a programmer who is  reliable  and  portable efficient and  of strong functionality then  fulfill  the better requirement in this case. Whereas if we are talking about the wireless information systems things become more sensitive as we are dealing on real time and gather a lot of security risks. Thats why after applying and implementing rules and regulations and following the standards will get the better  resultsafter  implementation  of these  steps  architecture  to develop a software program is required.  When  these wireless systems developed then these should cope with the problem fairly on real time. If an  architecture of  software program is  designed  in  such  a  way that  it is  safe  for security flexibilit y and other issues as well. If technology is implemented selected in an improved way then  an  information  system  can work well. If there are  leaks in the design and  programming  tactics and technology  implementation then there would be a  lot  of  leak in  the  system  as well that result in a very severe or drastic problem. In this way it can be say  thatsoftware  programs  that developed to resolve a problem needs  attention in  all these metrics to work upon and to get a better result. If there is a better program written by a programmer who is  reliable  and  portable efficient and  of strong functionality then  fulfill  the better requirement in this case. Whereas if we are talking about the wireless information systems things become more sensitive as we are dealing on real time and gather a lot of security risks. Thats why after applying and implementing rules and regulations and following the standards will get the better  resultsafter  implementation  of these  steps  architecture  to develop a software program is required.  When  these wireless systems developed then these should cope with the problem fairly on real time. If an  architecture ofsoftware program is  designed  in  such  a  way that  it is  safe  for security flexibility and other issues as well. If technology is implemented selected in an improved way then  an  information  system  can work well. If there are  leaks in the design and  programming  tactics and technology  implementation then there would be a  lot  of  leak in  the  system  as well that result in a very severe or drastic problem. In this way it can be say  that  software  programs  that developed to resolve a problem needs  attention in  all these metrics to work upon and to get a better result. If there is a better program written by a programmer who is  reliable  and  portable efficient and  of strong functionality then  fulfill  the better requirement in this case. Whereas if we are talking about the wireless information systems things become more sensitive as we are dealing on real time and gather a lot of security risks. Thats why after applying and implementing rules and regulations and following the standards will get the better  resultsafter  implementation  of these  steps  architecture  to develop a software program is required.  When  these wireless systems developed then these should cope with the problem fairly on real time. If an  architecture of  software program is  designed  in  such  a  way that  it is  safe  for security flexibility and other issues as well. If technology is implemented selected in an improved way then  an  information  system  can work well. If there are  leaks in the design and  programming  tactics and technology  implementation then there would be a  lot  of  leak in  the  system  as well that result in a very severe or drastic problem. In this way it can be say  that  software  programs  that developed to resolve a problem needs  attention in  all these metrics to work upon and to get a bet ter result. If there is a better program written by a programmer who is  reliable  and  portable efficient and  of strong functionality then  fulfill  the better requirement in this case. Whereas if we are talking about the wireless information systems things become more sensitive as we are dealing on real time and gather a lot of security risks. Thats why after applying and implementing rules and regulations and following the standards will get the better  resultsafter  implementation  of these  steps  architecture  to develop a software program is required.  When  these wireless systems developed then these should cope with the problem fairly on real time. If an  architecture of  software program is  designed  in  such  a  way that  it is  safe  for security flexibility and other issues as well. If technology is implemented selected in an improved way then  an  information  system  can work well. If there are  leaks in the design and  programming  tactics and technology  implementation then there would be a  lot  of  leak in  the  system  as well that result in a very severe or drastic problem. In this way it can be say  that  software  programs  that developed to resolve a problem needs  attention in  all these metrics to work upon and to get a better result. If there is a better program written by a programmer who is  reliable  and  portable efficient and  of strong functionality then  fulfill  the better requirement in this case. Whereas if we are talking about the wireless information systems things become more sensitive as we are dealing on real time and gathe r a lot of security risks. Thats why after applying and implementing rules and regulations and following the standards will get the better  resultsafter  implementation  of these  steps  architecture  to develop a software program is required. When  these wireless systems developed then these should cope with the problem fairly on real time. If an  architecture of  software program is  designed  in  such  a  way that  it is  safe  for security flexibility and other issues as well. If technology is implemented selected in an improved way then  an  information  system  can work well. If there are  leaks in the design and  programming  tactics and technology  implementation then there would be a  lot  of  leak in  the  system  as well that result in a very severe or drastic problem. In this way it can be say  thatsoftware  programs  that developed to resolve a problem needs  attention in  all these metrics to work upon and to get a better result. If there is a better program written by a programmer who is  reliable  and  portable efficient and  of strong functionality then  fulfill  the better requirement in this case. Whereas if we are talking about the wireless information systems things become more sensitive as we are dealing on real time and gather a lot of security risks. Thats why after applying and implementing rules and regulations and following the standards will get the better  resultsafter  implementation  of these  steps  architecture  to develop a software program is required.  When  these wireless systems developed then these should cope with the problem fairly on real time. If an  architecture ofsoftware program is  designed  in  such  a  way that  it is  safe  for security flexibility and other issues as well. If technology is implemented selected in an improved way then  an  information  system  can work well. If there are  leaks in the design and  programming  tactics and technology  implementation then there would be a  lot  of  leak in  the  system  as well that result in a very severe or drastic problem. In this way it can be say  that  software  programs  that developed to resolve a problem needs  attention in  all these metrics to work upon and to get a better result. If there is a better program written by a programmer who is  reliable  and  portable efficient and  of strong functionality then  fulfill  the better requirement in this case. Whereas if we are talking about the wireless information systems things become more sensitive as we are dealing on real time and gather a lot of security risks. Thats why after applying and implementing rules and regulations and following the standards will get the better results.

Search IP Address With a PHP Script

Search IP Address' With a PHP Script Retrieving the users IP address is actually much simpler than you might think, and it can be done in a single line of PHP code. What the PHP script you see below does is finds the IP address of a user and then posts the address on the page that holds the PHP code. In other words, any user who visits the page will be able to see their own IP address listed there. Note:  The way this PHP script is written here does not log any IP addresses nor does it show a user anyone elses IP address - just their own. "What's My IP" PHP Script To return  the IP address of the person visiting your site, use this line: To retrieve the users IP address and then echo its value back to the user, you can use this example: Note: This is generally accurate but will not work as intended if the user is accessing your website behind a proxy. This is because the proxys IP address will be shown instead of the users true address. Test the IP Address If youre not sure that the script is working, there are numerous websites you can visit to get some other perspectives on what your IP address is being reported as. For example, after you implement the code from above, load the page and record the IP address thats given for your device. WhatsMyIP.org or IP Chicken are good places to check to see if the same IP address is recorded there.

The Meanings and Variations of Brother

The Meanings and Variations of Brother The Meanings and Variations of Brother The Meanings and Variations of Brother By Mark Nichol Brother, from the Old English word brothor and cognate with the Latin term frater and the Greek word phrater (both of which mean â€Å"fellow clan member†), means not only â€Å"a male with one or more parents in common† but has also come, by extension, to refer to a man with whom one has a bond or a common interest. It also applies to national or racial commonality, as in the term â€Å"soul brother,† which in American English describes a black male. In addition, it can refer loosely to a male relative or generically to something that is similar to something else. In religious contexts, it denotes a minister or a member of a religious order who has not been ordained. The plural is either brothers or, in formal and religious contexts, the archaic form brethren. The quality of being a brother, literally or figuratively, is brotherhood, and brotherly is the adverbial form. A blood brother is literally a brother by birth or figuratively someone with whom one shares a bond of loyalty; originally, the term alluded to the ceremonial exchange of blood between two men, often by mingling blood at the point of a slight self-inflicted wound. Brother-german is a technical legal term pertaining to the default definition of brother- â€Å"a man or boy who has both of the same parents as a given person,† as opposed to a half brother, who shares only one parent, or a stepbrother, the son of a stepparent. Likewise, a sister-german shares both parents with a given person. (The term german, from the Latin word germanus, means â€Å"having the same parents† and is unrelated to the proper noun referring to a person from Germany.) Brother-in-arms originally strictly referred to a fellow combatant in the same military service, but by extension it alludes to anyone one is closely associated with. (Because women have only recently had a significant role in the military, no equivalent term developed for female soldiers, but the term sisters-in-arms has been employed sporadically, such as in the title of a documentary about female soldiers in combat.) Idiomatic uses of brother include â€Å"brother’s keeper,† a reference to the biblical exchange in which Cain protests, â€Å"Am I my brother’s keeper?† when God asks the whereabouts of Cain’s brother Abel, whom Cain has killed. (The contemporary notion behind the phrase is of interdependent responsibility among people.) Meanwhile, â€Å"Big Brother† is a reference (from George Orwell’s novel Nineteen Eighty-Four) to an all-seeing authoritarian leader or any government entity that practices oppressive surveillance or control. However, â€Å"big brother† also refers generically to one’s older male sibling or to a man who mentors a boy to whom he is not related. Recent idioms include bromance, a portmanteau word from brother and romance, pertaining to depictions in popular culture of close platonic friendships among men, and brogrammer, a mash-up of brother and programmer that alludes to assertive, masculine computer programmers, a divergence from the stereotype of technologically adept but physically and socially awkward males. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:85 Synonyms for â€Å"Help†15 Words for Household Rooms, and Their Synonyms5 Tips to Understand Hyphenated Words

Evolution of Management Principle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Evolution of Management Principle - Essay Example Since the end of 19th century, the evolutionary level of management principles started getting evolved substantially. Therefore by today, we see several different branches and school of thoughts which have been segregated by management experts and scholar. These schools of thoughts have been broadly divided into five different categories. They include: The Classical School The Behavioural School The Quantitative School also called as Management Science The Contingency School Theory Z School Of Management The important aspects of these schools is that some of them are viewed as classical and some are relatively recent theories, but the great insights which they offer can be very helpful in today’s complex business environment where we encounter accelerating changes every now and then. Noticing these points lets us outline the evolution of principles of management from classical school of management practices and theories to present. â€Å"The Classical School of Managementâ₠¬  This school of thought gave birth to the initialization of management principles. In the end of 19th century, the origins of these principles can be traced. This school of thought primarily consisted of finding productive and efficient ways for management at organizational level. Under classical school of management, further three levels are determined. ... In essence, the concept of classical theory of management incorporates the operations which are required for working for economic efficiency. (Miller, 2008) â€Å"Behavioural School of Management† During 1920s and 1930s, United States was undergoing social and cultural change. Large numbers of peoples were migrating towards city. Economic growth and industrial revolution provided people to spend money on the household and leisure of which their parents could only think about. Consequently, many of the principles and theories which were applied to the management of organization were no longer working effectively. In this regard, several prominent scholars and theorists addressed these issues and directed the attention of people to the changing environment required for workplace. Chris Argyris, Abraham Maslow, Mark Parker Follett, Douglas McGregor and Elton Mayo are some prominent scholars of behavioural school of management. They highlighted the fact that increased level of sat isfaction of worker will yield better performance. This concept evolved the behavioural theory of management which stated that worker’s performance is directly related to the level of satisfaction he has with his job. â€Å"The Quantitative School also called as Management Science† During World War II, physicists, mathematicians and other scientists collaborated with each other in order to solve the problems related to military. Quantitative school of management resulted as an outcome of all the research which was conducted during World War II. It incorporates the Quantitative Approach including statistics, quantitative techniques. Computer simulations and information models to enhance

Impact of different variables on the economic growth of Sweden Dissertation

Impact of different variables on the economic growth of Sweden - Dissertation Example This paper has conducted a comprehensive research on finding out the effects of tax policies, employment and wages on the level of economic growth of Sweden. Using empirical data, it has been found that economic growth of Sweden does not depend on tax policy, employment status and wages. I. INTRODUCTION Sweden is a very economically significant country in the world. Although it is a very small country, it experiences significant economic growth. A very interesting thing to note about Swedish economy is the dispute over the character of the economic system of Sweden. Its economic system can not be characterized as a complete socialism or pure capitalism. In Sweden private sector dominates in all production areas. In fact, around ninety percent of total production in this country is produced in private sector. Looking at the dominance of private sector, it seems that there prevails full corporatism in Sweden. But the interesting thing is that majority of production in private sector, a round fifty percent, is exposed to state controls. Looking at this nature of Swedish economy, it is some times characterized as a system of welfare state socialism. Some, however, like to view this system as welfare state corporatism. ... Government undertakes various policies relating to tax, employment and wages. Tax accounts for a major place in fiscal policies. While in one hand, tax is an important source of revenue to the government, on the other hand it also reduces consumer purchasing power by reducing disposable income. Hence, changes in tax policy will definitely have effect on consumer purchasing behavior, and therefore, on aggregate demand of the economy and consequently on GDP of the country. Employment and economic growth has a strong association as well. In fact, there is a cyclical relationship between employment and economic growth where both are dependent on one another. While the level of employment of a country is dependent to a large extent on the level of economic growth, economic growth is also affected by various employment policies. Economic growth of a country is also related to wage level. While some think that a path of low wage can lead to economic growth, some others feel that a high wage economy is more efficient in achieving higher growth. Hence the level of growth of an economy is also dependent on wage policies taken by the government. In Sweden government has a significant role to play in controlling various economic operations. Hence, economic growth of Sweden can well be expected to be dependent on various economic policies undertaken by the government of the country. Hence, it can be assumed that governmental policies in the areas of taxes, employment and wages, produce some impact on economic growth. Aim and objectives It would be, therefore, quite interesting, to find out how tax policies, employment and wages affect economic growth of Sweden. Since the economy of Sweden can not be characterized as a nation which is fully controlled

Major Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Major - Personal Statement Example Seeing as I was enthusiastic about business, I chose to delve into economics. In the discipline of economics, I have been able to amass multiple experiences through a hands-on rationale that drives my quest to prosper. First, I have taken up attachment positions in three firms during summer breaks, with the most influential internship being at British American. I gathered tacit lessons in corporate governance and auditing that are bound to be of help in future. I have also volunteered in peer business programs that seek to forge the way towards innovative business ideas. ‘Eco-plus’ was one such program that afforded university students the opportunity to win ten thousand dollars in grant for creative business facets, in which I acted as regional student representative for California. From these experiences, I have been able to learn the importance of communication in business, and how good communication forms the cornerstone of any successful business entity. Ethics in corporate governance has also emerged as prime cue in economies of scale, since globalization is fast changing the manner in which countries transact their businesses (Bovee & John, 43). With more involvement and interaction in the economic discipline, I am bound to gain practical skills that may yet prove influential in terms of managing a

The Effectiveness Of Facebook Marketing

The Effectiveness Of Facebook Marketing Abstract This research proposal focuses on the effectiveness of Facebook marketing. The success of Facebook has not escaped the specialists attention, but there is a clear absence of quantitative research because there has been huge debate within the marketing community that is influencing consumer behaviour and brand perception, so, this study will help to support the debate. Many brands and small businesses have already entered the Facebook platform and due to the economic remunerations of this platform, brands with a truncated marketing budget can be lured to join the race. The purpose of this research is to, with a quantitative approach; determine whether Facebook is an effective marketing standard. An experiment will be accompanied where a sample of participants will be exposed to a selection of fictive fan pages on Facebook during one weeks time. After experimentation process and surveying fans I will be able to demonstrate the fact of considering a Facebook an effective marketing tool for businesses. 2. Introduction Facebook is a very famous social networking website which was launched in the second month of the year 2004. Seemingly, it has been studied that almost one out of 14 people in this world is a Facebook user. Facebook has become an unbeatable phenomenon by its fastest growing number of users and user friendly platform. By the time it has started, Facebook has approximately more than 500 million users. Each user is connected to an average of 140 friends which shows if a company persuades a single person to post something about their business or brand they are having the potential of reaching 140 or more. There are more than 25 billion content shared like pictures, posts and links and over 170 million things to interact with, includes pages, events, applications, games and groups (Facebook web-page, press information, 2010). Facebooks early achievements attracted investors and marketing companies to nurture their businesses with the help of its growing number of users. Many national and international companies are using the help of Facebook to market and advertise their business in order to fascinate more clients (Retrieved from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook). Facebook marketing is becoming talk of the business town. Facebooks enormous user power helped multinational and national companies to build number of clients and sales of their products and services in a very short period of time. The advertiser is no longer the person in a company that decides how, when, where and whom to communicate. Nowadays it is the customer that decides which company and what information to take part of (Meadows-Klue, 2007). Facebook is thus an attractive marketing channel to reach younger consumers, and particularly interesting for new companies that do not have extensive marketing budget. As a researcher, I would like to explore more on the effectiveness of Facebook marketing. So, this research mainly focuses on the effectiveness of Facebooks marketing. 3. Problem Facebook is a young contender in communication platform and there are not many studies or researches regarding its effectiveness as a means of marketing. Deceptively, there are very few guidelines concerning what role fan pages should play in a business marketing strategy and how the brand should communicate with consumers through such a medium. The absence of scientific studies does not however reflect a lack of interest amongst advertisers and the number of businesses starting their own fan page is constantly increasing. Lately, there has also been a debate concerning the effectiveness of a creative approach versus a selling approach to marketing. This debate has been supported by extensive research and according to several studies a creative approach is to be preferred (Colliander, Erlandson and Modig, 2010). However, these results have yet to be tested on Facebook platform. The problem question that will be used to perform the research is is Facebook marketing an effective? The main purpose for this research is to investigate whether start-up companies shall use a Facebook fan page in order to enhance perceptions of brand associations and improve traditional key advertisement indicators amongst consumers. The study will also determine whether an advertiser shall adopt a creative approach rather than a strictly selling approach on Facebook. We address this study to start-up companies targeting young students. 4. Proposed Literature Review 4.1. Facebook-ing for business According to author of this article Facebook is everywhere these days, and it isnt going away. A recent report stated that 10% of total time spent on the internet is on Facebook, and it would be stupid for local businesses not to take advantage of the opportunity accessible by Facebook. Jared Todd (author) also represented some primer for business looking to reach out to customers through Facebook Invite customers, but dont be pushy: Invite customers to join the page but never push them otherwise they will get irritated. Publish your Facebook Page on Website, Twitter, or any other social networking website Run Facebook Only Promotions: Run promotions which are only accessible through Facebook. Facebook for Business: This is the process where a company can promote its products with the use of Facebook. (Retrieved from: http://whizkidkonnect.com/) The main reason why I chose this article, because of authors straight forward approach in describing benefits of Facebook, he also shows the main possible ways to get the attention of the customers. This article represents all the possible ways which make Facebook an effective marketing tool. 4.2. Viral Marketing Groups are one of the simplest ways to perform viral marketing on Facebook. It is as easy as if somebody is relaxing on a couch. It starts when members starts joining a group after that they can invite any person or a friend on Facebook by using a very unique feature called the built in Invite feature. If your members are interested and would like to join about your group, it can grow really fast. Additionally, the group name will usually appear on your members personal profile pages until they leave the group. Many people view groups as Bumper Stickers. Because profile pages are exceedingly trafficked, these links can engender a lot of clicks to a group page. (Justin Smith, 2007) (Retrieved from http://www.insidefacebook.com/2007/12/09/inside-facebook-marketing-bible-24-ways-to-market-your-brand-company-product-or-service-in-facebook/, http://www.facebook.com/pages/Viral-marketing-tips/92274993058) Viral marketing is a part of internet marketing. The source here mainly states the meaning of viral marketing which is also known as word-of-mouth marketing. All these information is essential for a best conclusion on the research topic. There are certain parts of Facebook page that results to viral marketing such as its application that connects people with each other instantly, its fan page feature, invitation process i.e. inviting your Facebook fans or Friends for an event or gathering. This information is vital for knowing the effectiveness of Facebook marketing. (Bhavya George, Social Maximizer, 2010) (Retrieved from: http://sem-group.net/search-engine-optimization-blog/social-media/viral-marketing-on-facebook-7-points-you-just-cannot-neglect/) 4.3. Vancouver Business: Success story One success story which is about an entrepreneur who worked hard to develop a successful and profitable e-business is Sandy Stevens of Sandys Home-style Baking Company. Being healthy to channel her love of baking and sweets into a viable career, Stevens has experienced a great deal of success over the short time her e-business has been running. Based in Vancouver, Canada, Stevens was unaware of using marketing tactics that are provided online, but due to his friend encouragement she learnt all the possible to ways to market her company products through web. She done her own web designing and she also created a link with newspapers with the help of search engines like Yahoo! and Google. Now her business is blooming because of her effort and believing in online marketing and advertising (Retrieved from: http://www.biz2success.com/2010/06/anyone-can-do-it-small-e-business-success-stories/). This is a good example of how getting customers in an efficient and effective way. In terms of expenses, she spent a small portion of her money to create a platform where people can get information easily. This article will help to strengthen the topic as it demonstrates the success rate of promoting products and services through internet marketing. Facebook is a part of internet, thus, this article is essential to find out the speed of growth in business by using Facebook as a marketing tool. 4.4. Critique and Analyze The most vivacious part of this research is to provide a theory or a model that proves the effectiveness of Facebook marketing. Therefore, these are some literatures which are essential for researching on effectiveness level of Facebook marketing. In the first article, the author is primarily focused on the way to get attention of online customers and the rest of the articles are all about active Facebook users signals innovativeness of brand. It covers branding, Approach and style of a product or service that is being marketed by the company. Branding a product through web is an opportunity for those businesses who would like to increase to increase their brand value (Steven Holzner, 2009). Furthermore, it elucidates on viral marketing and its practices; it also shows how it is essential for local businesses. Lastly, it articulates on the success stories of some business that adapted internet marketing as their marketing tool (Chris Treadaway, Mari Smith, Facebook Company, 2010). Ov erall, all the research articles are deliberated to be resourceful for the research. 5. Proposed Methodology 5.1. Methodology There has been quite a buzz about social media currently, and of how it is giving the consumer increasingly more power while rapidly changing the real face of marketing. I found myself very captivated by this sensation, but was soon to realize that this open-ended belief in the influence of social media lacked some very fundamental quantitative research. I decided to fill this breach and found a great source of inspiration reading Kocken Skoghagen (2009). They had conducted quantitative research, analyzing whether Twitter was a valid marketing platform and how it should be used. With the conviction that there are many similarities between Twitter and Facebook I decided to perform an equivalent study on Facebook. Inspired by Kocken Skoghagen (2009) a deductive approach is to be applied in the research. The study is of underlying character, being that the objective is to find a connection between the acquaintance of a brand on Facebook and certain effects on consumer comportment and discernment of brand associations. A quantitative study will be held by simulating a realistic environment which I believe to obtain more general results. Respondents will be given four specific brands (i.e. fan pages) to follow on Facebook during one week and were thereafter will be asked to answer a survey. I chose to follow this experiment design despite the difficulties attached with involving a rather big test-group into a relatively time-consuming study. Our choice was greatly influenced by the fact that Kocken Skoghagen (2009) had used a similar design, which had already been proved to be successful. Moreover, I am hoping that by using a similar design as Kocken Skoghagen (2009), I will open up for an int eresting comparison between Facebook and Twitter as marketing channels. The experiment will be started by ideating four fictive brands, thus ensuring that none of the respondents would be familiar with them, and creating all the necessary fan pages. Status updtaes will be prepared and would be posted during the study. The participants will be divided into four groups. Each respondent will be given four fan pages (i.e. one for each brand) in order to follow and asked to create one friend list consisting of all fan pages he/she will be assigned. The friend list is a necessary deterrent in order to simulate a news feed (i.e. one of the sections of Faceobok) and make sure that all status updates I will like the respondents to perceive will be noticed. After the experiment, a survey will be distributed to all participants through the Facebook-mail. The participants will be given one week to answer the survey before they will get disregarded from the study. This will help to reduce the time period in order to pass between the experiment and the survey as that could have biased the study. The survey was created with the survey-tool provided by the website of Survey Monkey (www.surveymonkey.com). An exact same survey will be given to all the respondents, covering all the four brands examined. Most of the questions will be standard where respondents will be asked to determine how well they agreed with some given assertions, similar to those asked by Kocken and Skoghagen (2009). 5.2. Participants Since the study would require some involvement from the participants I realized that it would be challenging to influence people to participate unless if I have any kind of personal relationship with them. That is the reason why I decided to recruit participants to my study amongst own social networks. Nevertheless, being part of the target group I will be to involving a sample that is relatively representative with regards to the aims of the study. The target of this study is to gather almost 300 people who are interested in participating to this study. The respondents of this study will be 20 to 30 years of age. Most of the participants will be asked to become fan of selected fan pages. After this process I will be giving out a survey to all the fans. Questions in the survey will be concerning the effectiveness of Facebook marketing. 5.3. Ethical Issues All the sources and references are open and accessible through the web except information gathered directly from the company itself is not accessible. According to them any information from the company is confidential and cannot be used in any research without their permission. So I decided to send them a letter that will authorize me to gather appropriate information directly from their website. Other issue is the sample that will be collected within the same network (i.e. students of Vancouver) and this may have inhibited reliability of the scores. (Retrieved from) http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/click_online/7375772.stm). 6. Project Work Plan and Deliverables Tasks to be performed Dates Time Required Final Research proposal and submit for clearance 3-11 November 2010 One week Typing 22-30 November 2010 One week Pre-test study 5-15 December 2010 Three weeks Collect Data 16th December 2010 1st march 2011 Ten weeks Process Data and make preliminary interpretation End of each month of data collection Five weeks Analyze and write report 2-30 March 2011 Two weeks Publish and discuss work findings 6-25 April 2011 Two weeks Final Thesis and submission 26th April 2011 15th May 2011 Three weeks 7. References Colliander, J. Erlandsson, S. Modig, E. (2010), Speed or Distance, Manuscript, Stockholm School of Economics; Cote, J. Chris Treadaway, Mari Smith, Facebook (Firm) (2010). Facebook marketing: an hour a day, Indianapolis: Wiley Publishing. Steven Holzner (2009). Facebook marketing : leverage social media to grow your business, Chicago: Que Publishing. Creswell, J.W. (2003). Research design. Qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approach. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Meadows-Klue (2007), Falling in Love 2.0: Relationship marketing for the Facebook generation, Journal of Direct, Data and Digital Marketing Practice, Vol. 9, Issue 3, p. 245-250; Facebook web-page, press information, http://www.facebook.com/press/info.php?statistics, 15 May 2010 http://www.facebook.com http://www.clickrmedia.com/services/social-media-marketing/facebook http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Facebook. http://whizkidkonnect.com/ http://arc.hhs.se/download.aspx?MediumId=947 http://netbrands.net/ http://www.insidefacebook.com/2007/12/09/inside-facebook-marketing-bible-24-ways-to-market-your-brand-company-product-or-service-in-facebook/ http://www.facebook.com/pages/Viral-marketing-tips/92274993058 http://www.biz2success.com/2010/06/anyone-can-do-it-small-e-business-success-stories/ http://sem-group.net/search-engine-optimization-blog/social-media/viral-marketing-on-facebook-7-points-you-just-cannot-neglect/ http://wilderdom.com/research/QualitativeVersusQuantitativeResearch.html http://hbr.org/2010/03/one-cafe-chains-facebook-experiment/ar/1 http://www.sagepub.com/upm-data/10982_Chapter_4.pdf Social & Ethical Issues of Information Systems Facebook from Marielle C http://www.churchofcustomer.com/2009/10/facebook-fan-pages-are-the-future.html http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-technology/paypal-to-become-a-way-to-pay-for-facebook-ads-20100219-oj88.html